Journal of Pain and Symptom Management
Volume 22, Issue 6 , Pages 1035-1041 , December 2001

Dying in Hospital: Medical Failure or Natural Outcome?

  • Sue Middlewood, RN, BA

      Affiliations

    • Palliative Care Services, The Canberra Hospital, Woden, Australian Capital Territory, Australia
    • Corresponding Author InformationAddress reprint requests to: Sue Middlewood, RN, BA, Palliative Care Services, The Canberra Hospital, PO Box 11, Woden, ACT 2606, Australia
    • ,
  • Glenn Gardner, RN, PhD

      Affiliations

    • The Canberra Hospital and the University of Canberra Research Center for Nursing Practice, Woden, Australian Capital Territory, Australia
    • ,
  • Anne Gardner, RN, MPH

      Affiliations

    • The Canberra Hospital and the University of Canberra Research Center for Nursing Practice, Woden, Australian Capital Territory, Australia

,Accepted 7 March 2001.

References 

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  2. Hanson LC, Tulsky JA, Danis M. Can clinical interventions change care at the end-of-life?. Ann Intern Med. 1997;126:381–388
  3. Cassel EJ. The nature of suffering and the goals of medicine. N Engl J Med. 1982;306:639–645
  4. Morrison RS, Siu AL, Leipzig RM, et al.  The hard task of improving the quality of care at the end-of-life. Arch Intern Med. 2000;160:743–747
  5. Lickiss JN, Wiltshire J, Glare PA, Chye RWM. Central Sydney Palliative Care Service (potential and limitations of an integrated palliative care service based in a metropolitan teaching hospital). Ann Acad Med Singapore. 1994;23:264–270
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  8. The SUPPORT Principal Investigators . A controlled trial to improve care for seriously ill hospitalized patients. The study to understand prognoses and preferences for outcomes and risks of treatments (SUPPORT). JAMA. 1995;274:1591–1598
  9. Fins JJ, Miller FG, Acres CA, et al.  End-of-life decision making in the hospital (current practice and future prospects). J Pain Symptom Manage. 1999;17:6–15
  10. Schultz L. Not for resuscitation (two decades of challenge for nursing ethics and practice). Nurs Ethics. 1997;4:227–238
  11. Manias E. Australian nurses' experiences and attitudes in the “Do Not Resuscitate” decision. Res Nurs Health. 1998;21:429–441
  12. Australian Bureau of Statistics. Australian social trends 1999: health—state summary tables. Available at http://www.abs.gov.au/ausstats/. 2000.
  13. Bowling A. Research methods in health (investigating health and health services). Buckingham, UK: Open University Press; 1997;
  14. Urzua J. Modern medicine and the rejection of death. Anaesth Intens Care. 1991;19:400–403
  15. Hakim RB, Teno JM, Harrell FR, et al.  Factors associated with do-not-resuscitate orders (patient's preferences, prognoses, and physicians' judgements). Ann Intern Med. 1996;125:284–293for the SUPPORT Investigators
  16. Desbiens NA, Wu AW, Broste SK, et al.  Pain and satisfaction with pain control in seriously ill hospitalized adults (findings from the SUPPORT research investigations). Crit Care Med. 1996;24:1953–1961for the SUPPORT Investigators

PII: S0885-3924(01)00362-1

Journal of Pain and Symptom Management
Volume 22, Issue 6 , Pages 1035-1041 , December 2001

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