Abstract
Background
As health-care institutions mobilize resources to address the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic, palliative care may potentially be underutilized. It is important to assess the use of palliative care in response to the COVID-19 pandemic.
Methods
This is a retrospective single-center study of patients with COVID-19 diagnosed via reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction assay admitted between March 1, 2020, and April 24, 2020. An analysis of the utilization of palliative care in accordance with patient comorbidities and other characteristics was performed while considering clinical outcomes. Chi-square test was used to determine associations between categorical variables while t-tests were used to compare continuous variables.
Results
The overall mortality rate was 21.5% (n = 52), and in 48% (n = 25) of these patients, palliative care was not involved. Fifty-nine percent (n = 24) of those who had palliative consults eventually elected for comfort measures and transitioned to hospice care. Among those classified as having severe COVID-19, only 40% (n = 31) had palliative care involvement. Of these patients with severe COVID-19, 68% (n = 52) died. Patients who received palliative care consults were of older age, had higher rates of intubation, a need for vasopressors, and had higher rates of mortality.
Conclusion
There was a low utilization rate of palliative care in patients with COVID-19. Conscious utilization of palliative care is needed at the time of COVID-19.
Key Words
Introduction
As the world battles the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic, it is critical to use palliative care as an approach to ease the burden of this life-threatening illness on patients and their families. However, at this time of crisis, palliative care may be inadvertently overlooked with some potential dire consequences. In fact, the World Health Organization has issued guidance on how to maintain essential health services during the pandemic, but there was no mention of palliative care.
1
In their article on palliative care, Powell et al. highlighted the importance of palliative care in infectious disease outbreaks with high mortality and imperfect therapeutic interventions.2
Referring to Ebola as an example, they noted that relief of suffering becomes the main treatment option available in such situations.2
This is relevant to the COVID-19 pandemic where our lack of clear understanding of the pathophysiology and complications of the disease results in uncertainty and limited therapeutic treatments. In a 2006 report about hospice use in Taiwan during the severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) outbreak, it was illustrated that palliative care has the potential to be underused, especially when health-care centers are overwhelmed.3
Today, our health-care systems are in a similar situation, and it is crucial to assess the use of palliative care in this global fight against the current pandemic. Hence, we present a study assessing the rates of utilization of palliative care in an underserved high-risk COVID-19 patient population.Patients and Methods
Study Design, Participants, and Data Collection
This study is a single-center retrospective analysis of all patients admitted with a confirmed diagnosis of COVID-19 via reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction assay performed on nasopharyngeal swab specimens admitted between March 1, 2020, and April 24, 2020. We included patients in both intensive care unit (ICU) and non-ICU settings. The patients were identified using a registry of all patients with COVID-19 admitted to our hospital. We excluded patients who were still admitted at the time of analysis. Demographic and clinical factors including age, gender, race, and comorbidities were extracted from electronic medical records using a standardized data-collection form. We defined severe COVID-19 as need for intubation, vasopressors, and/or renal replacement therapy or hemodialysis. This study was approved by an institutional review board.
Statistical Analysis
Demographic variables were summarized using percentages for categorical variables and means for continuous variables. Categorical variables were compared using chi-squared testing. Continuous variables were compared using t-tests.
Results
A total of 389 patients were evaluated in our hospital and tested positive via reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction assay for COVID-19. Of these patients, 122 were excluded as they were still admitted at the time of analysis. Twenty-five patients with incomplete clinical data were excluded, leaving a final sample of 242 patients analyzed. In the final sample of 242 patients, the mean age (±standard deviation) was 66 ± 14.75. Almost half of the patients were female (119) and 70% (170) were African American. Chronic medical conditions of these patients included hypertension seen in 74% (n = 179), diabetes mellitus 49% (n = 119), and 19% (n = 46) had either chronic obstructive pulmonary disease or asthma.
The overall mortality in our sample was 21.5% (n = 52), and in 48% (n = 25) of these patients, palliative care was not involved. Overall, palliative care was consulted for 17% (n = 41) of patients. More than half of these consults (59% n = 24) eventually elected for comfort measures and transitioned to hospice care. Meanwhile, of those patients who did not transition to hospice care, 10 died. Out of the 201 patients without a palliative consult, 12% (n = 25) died. Among those classified as having severe COVID-19 (needed intubation, vasopressors, and/or renal replacement therapy/hemodialysis), only 31 (40%) had palliative care consults. Of these patients with severe COVID-19, 68% (n = 52) died.
Looking at characteristics of patients who got palliative care consults, most of them belonged to a significantly older age group. It was notable that the oxygen requirements were also significantly higher on admission among patients with palliative care consults. In addition, patients with palliative consults had higher rates of intubation, a need for vasopressors, and died (Table 1).
Table 1Demographic and Clinical Characteristics of Patients
| Characteristics | Palliative Care (n = 41) | No Palliative Care (n = 201) | P Value |
|---|---|---|---|
| Age median (IQR) | 74.76 ± 10.03 | 64.25 ± 14.95 | <0.0001 |
| Female gender, % (n) | 54 (21) | 50 (101) | 0.734 |
| Ethnicity, % (n) | 0.298 | ||
| African American | 63 (26) | 72 (145) | |
| Caucasian | 22 (9) | 4 (8) | |
| Hispanic | 5 (2) | 12 (24) | |
| Other | 10 (4) | 12 (24) | |
| Comorbidities, % (n) | |||
| BMI (mean ± SD) | 26.92 ± 8.84 | 29.89 ± 9.23 | 0.067 |
| COPD | 12 (5) | 12 (24) | 1.000 |
| Asthma | 2 (1) | 9 (18) | 0.324 |
| Heart failure | 10 (4) | 15 (30) | 0.467 |
| Atrial fibrillation | 20 (8) | 8 (16) | 0.04 |
| Liver cirrhosis | 5 (2) | 3 (6) | 0.626 |
| Diabetes | 49 (20) | 49 (98) | 1.000 |
| Chronic kidney disease | 23 (9) | 17 (34) | 0.374 |
| End-stage renal disease on dialysis | 7 (3) | 8 (16) | 1.000 |
| Coronary artery disease | 17 (7) | 19 (38) | 1.000 |
| Hypertension | 73 (30) | 75 (151) | 0.846 |
| Obesity | 34 (14) | 41 (82) | 0.485 |
| HIV | 2 (1) | 3 (6) | 1.000 |
| History of active cancer | 15 (6) | 10 (20) | 0.406 |
| Active cancer | 7 (3) | 2 (4) | 0.633 |
| FiO2% requirement on admission | 59.15 ± 35.14 | 34.87 ± 24.67 | <0.0001 |
| Serum ferritin on admission | 1848 ± 2225 | 1900 ± 3006 | 0.922 |
| D-dimer on admission | 7317 ± 2800 | 9581 ± 4143 | 0.014 |
| CRP on admission | 195 ± 126 | 127 ± 108 | 0.009 |
| Procalcitonin on admission | 4.33 ± 8.71 | 1.64 ± 6.53 | 0.142 |
| COVID-19 treatment | |||
| Hydroxychloroquine | 81 (33) | 56 (113) | 0.003 |
| Steroids | 46 (19) | 18 (36) | <0.0001 |
| Tocilizumab | 22 (9) | 6 (12) | 0.003 |
| Clinical outcomes | |||
| Inpatient death | 66 (27) | 12 (24) | <0.0001 |
| Need for CRRT/HD | 17 (7) | 9 (18) | 0.146 |
| Need for vasopressors | 61 (25) | 12 (24) | <0.0001 |
| Need for intubation | 61 (25) | 14 (28) | <0.0001 |
| Hospice/withdrawal of care | 59 (24) | 6 (12) | <0.0001 |
BMI = body mass index; COPD = chronic obstructive pulmonary disease; COVID-19 = coronavirus disease 2019; CRP = C-reactive protein; CRRT = continuous renal replacement therapy; HD = hemodialysis; IQR = interquartile range; SD = standard deviation.
Discussion
This retrospective study showed a relatively high overall mortality rate (21.5% [52 patients]). In almost half of the deaths in our sample, palliative care was not involved. The palliative team was only consulted for 17% of all patients (n = 41 patients)—a low utilization rate of this valuable resource during the pandemic. The low utilization of palliative care in the setting of COVID-19 pandemic has neither been assessed nor reported in other formal studies, and this study is one of the first.
Low utilization of palliative care services can be due to the hostile atmosphere created by the pandemic, infection control measures, and extreme pressure on services.
4
Evidence has shown that growing health-care demands in the setting of COVID-19 has overwhelmed and overburdened the capacity of US hospitals.5
In that context, most hospital resources were allocated toward direct patient care, with some services prioritized over others. However, provision of relief from suffering, support in complex decision-making, and management of clinical uncertainty, as the foundational features of palliative care, should be essential responses to the pandemic crisis.2
,6
Addressing patients' and families’ sufferings and supporting their decision-making in clinical uncertainty are as important as medical management as there is still no definitive treatment for COVID-19.7
The standard humanitarian response in this pandemic crisis should be reimagined encompassing both saving lives and minimizing suffering.1
Palliative trained specialists deliver holistic care by ensuring symptom management and psychological support to both patients and their families.4
Even though critical care physicians and hospitalists can render some degree of palliative services, they are already overburdened with their increased workloads,5
hence making palliative care services indeed invaluable.Among patients classified as severe COVID-19, only 31 (40%) had palliative care consults. This again shows the underutilization as discussed previously. This also reflects the lack of opportunity to introduce hospice and comfort care services to both patients and their families/caregiver(s). All patients classified as severe COVID-19 should have access to palliative care.
8
Provision of such care is an ethical imperative for those who are unlikely to survive.5
This can guide them in making end-of-life decisions after they and/or their families get a better understanding of the prognosis. As this study showed, palliative care consults are associated with hospice and transitioning to comfort care in more than half of the cases (59%, n = 24 patients), which focuses more on the patient's comfort. This can also help redirect resources including ventilators which are currently in high demand.5
,9
,10
Therefore, this is a clear advantage of fully using palliative care in such circumstances.Involvement of palliative care may come late, especially when health-care systems are overwhelmed and when patients are already intubated. In their study, Cotogni et al. showed that over one-third of patients with chronic diseases awaiting to be hospitalized in the emergency department needed palliative care and can be identified with an easy-to-use, non–disease-specific simplified screening tool.
11
Another study carried out on medical ICU patients showed that the use of a modified screening tool in the emergency department increased palliative care utilization and decreased median time to palliative consultation.12
Patients with severe COVID-19, regardless of comorbidities, should automatically get palliative care consults as part of a COVID-19 admission power plan. Palliative care should be integrated into triage systems. This would get palliative care to be involved early in the course and prevent the low utilization.Limitations
As the COVID-19 pandemic continues and institutional policies change, there may be greater utilization of palliative care now, especially that the burden of COVID-19 has plateaued. Our institutional policies regarding treatment and management and including palliative care have changed over the course of the pandemic. Our study did not involve looking in depth into provider preferences or consulting patterns regarding palliative care. We also did not tackle palliative needs and impact of illness on survivors. Our findings may not be generalizable to other systems as other health-care institutions might have a significantly higher or lesser burden of COVID-19 cases. Also, our sample population is relatively of high risk with multiple comorbidities and is predominantly African American and underrepresented minorities. This may also limit generalizability. Still, this study gives a glimpse at the utilization of palliative care in an underserved population at the time of COVID-19.
Conclusion
There was a relatively low utilization rate of palliative care in patients with COVID-19. More conscious utilization of palliative care is needed at the time of COVID-19 pandemic.
Disclosures and Acknowledgments
Funding: There was no monetary or material support for this research investigation.
Conflict of interest: None of the authors have any conflicts of interest to disclose.
References
- Palliative care and the COVID-19 pandemic.Lancet. 2020; 395: 1168
- Palliative care in humanitarian crisis: always something to offer.Lancet. 2017; 389: 1498-1499
- Hospice utilization during the SARS outbreak in Taiwan.BMC Health Serv Res. 2006; 6: 94
- The role and response of palliative care and hospice services in epidemics and pandemics: a rapid review to inform practice during the COVID-19 pandemic.J Pain Symptom Manage. 2020;
- Impact of non-pharmaceutical interventions (NPIs) to reduce COVID-19 mortality and healthcare demand.Imperial College London, London2020
- Characteristics, symptom management and outcomes of 101 patients with COVID-19 referred for hospital palliative care.J Pain Symptom Manage. 2020;
- Treatment of COVID-19: old tricks for new challenges.Crit Care. 2020; 24: 91
- COVID-19: decision making and palliative care.Swiss Med Weekly. 2020; 150: w2023
- Critical supply shortages—the need for ventilators and personal protective equipment during the Covid-19 pandemic.New Engl J Med. 2020; 382: e41
- National trends (2009–2013) for palliative care utilization for patients receiving prolonged mechanical ventilation.Crit Care Med. 2018; 46: 1230-1237
- A simplified screening tool to identify seriously ill patients in the Emergency Department for referral to a palliative care team.Minerva anestesiologica. 2017; 83: 474-484
- Preliminary analysis of a modified screening tool to increase the frequency of palliative care consults.Am J Hosp Palliat Medicine®. 2018; 35: 417-422
Article info
Publication history
Published online: May 23, 2020
Accepted:
May 19,
2020
Identification
Copyright
© 2020 American Academy of Hospice and Palliative Medicine. Published by Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.
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- CorrigendumJournal of Pain and Symptom ManagementVol. 62Issue 3
- PreviewIn the article, “Palliative Care Utilization Among Patients With COVID-19 in an Underserved Population: A Single-Center Retrospective Study,” J Pain Symptom Manage Vol 60 (2): 2020, pp e18-e21; the authors submitted their fast-tracked article with wording that should have been corrected during the expedited editing process:
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